Chronic Inflammation - T Regulatory Cells (Lecture 4)

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An important lecture in the chronic inflammation series. T Regulatory cells (TRegs) and their function. Let's review this promising area of immunology.

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.

A good reference diagram in the book:
FIGURE 15.6 Mechanism of action of CTLA-4. A, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs) or activated T cells can inhibit the activation of responding T cells on the same antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (in trans). B, CTLA-4 on regulatory or activated T cells binds to B7 molecules on APCs and removes these molecules from the surface of the APCs, making the B7 costimulators unavailable to CD28 and blocking T cell activation. This action of CTLA-4 is able to suppress immune responses best when B7 levels are low, enabling CTLA-4 to out-compete the lower-affinity receptor CD28.

References:
Textbook: Abbas, Abul K.; Lichtman, Andrew H.; Pillai, Shiv. Cellular and Molecular Immunology E-Book (p. 94). Elsevier Health Sciences. Kindle Edition.

URL list from Wednesday, May. 31 2022

Targeting IL-2: an unexpected effect in treating immunological diseases | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-017-0002-5#:~:text=While%20IL%2D2%20is%20generally,unwanted%20immune%20responses%20and%20eventually

IL-2 administration increases CD4+ CD25(hi) Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in cancer patients - PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16304057/

IL-2 administration increases CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in cancer patients - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1473973/

IL-10-Dependent Amelioration of Chronic Inflammatory Disease by Microdose Subcutaneous Delivery of a Prototypic Immunoregulatory Small Molecule - PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34305950/

Chronic Inflammation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/

Inflammation - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation

Cytokines and Chemokines at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Neuropathic Pain - PMC
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753746/

Frontiers | Toll-Like Receptors, Associated Biological Roles, and Signaling Networks in Non-Mammals | Immunology
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01523/full

Learning objectives of this video are the following :
1. Concept of self-tolerance and suppression.
2. Overview T-cell maturation in thymus.
3. Production of T regulatory cells.
4. Phenotypic markers & heterogeneity of T regulator cells.
5. Functions of T regulaory cells in immune system.

Following answers are created by ChatGPT. Occasionally the answer may be harmful, incorrect, false, misleading, incomplete, or limited in knowledge of world. Please contact your doctor for all healthcare decisions. Also, double check the answer provided by the AI below.

Faculty

In addition to the presenter, following authors may have helped with the content writing, review, or approval:

Dr. Mobeen Syed

CME, CE, CEU and Other Credit Types:

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The DrBeen Corp designates this enduring material for a maximum of 0.75 AMA PRA Category 1 Credits™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

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Faculty	Disclosures
Dr. Mobeen Syed	Author declares no conflict of interest.

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